Minggu, 22 Februari 2015

Position of Patrs of Speech

Alfaqih Warsono



POSITION  OF PARTS OF SPEECH
1.      NOUNS  (N)
Posisi Noun (Kata Benda) dalam Kalimat

N
To be
Cats are a major cause of allergies and asthma.
Verb
Roger G, the school’s 60-year-old headmaster, says:
Boarding has gone out of fashion.
Modals + V
It will be indicated to the user. You may go now.
Of
It seems a town of contrast. The memory of unspoiled rural beauty.
The scientific optimism of Dyer and Erasmus Darwin.
‘s
Like Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar or Miller’s Death of a Salesman.
The youngest voters’ stratum and source of the President’s strongest support in The Poll.

The / a / an
N
The decision is not fair. Kartini’s father, a regent of Jepara. He had an account. According to a report.
of
A couple of American journalists to criticize. On the economy of America.
Quantifiers (some, any, …)
As many American experts as. Some China-watchers believe.
Possessive Pron
But his message on Tuesday was.  The general shape of their narrative is.  I’ll stay in my own home.
Adj demonstrative pron
In this exercise you are.  When they have contract with these fluids.  And for those people.
Cf.  that = the.
Adjective
An artificial satellite.
Various scientific research satellites have been.
A quarter of extraordinarily talented British musicians who were.
Verbial predicate
Some processors have a built-in spelling checker which will..
They adapted standard band and orchestra instruments such as
No
I have no doubt.  Yeltsin has no intention of sleeping down
No smoking in this area.
Other
The other field installations  are.  He takes another way to…
Preposition
Variations on a theme. Played in separate rhythms that..
The ball is hit into the net or…   he’s killed without any help.


2.      ADJECTIVES   (Adj)
Posisi Adjectives (Kata Sifat) dalam Kalimat

To be
Adj
It’s easy to…  The show will be funny.  I’m fine, thanks.
Verbs : (look, become, come, go, make)
You look beautiful with the dress.  I became embarrassed when I slipped down in front of people. The poor man becomes hopeless. The dream comes true. The cake goes bad. You make me happy.
Adverb
Too long to finish.  Very good. For the newly revised science curriculum. Infected with highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease.  Someone who is terminally or hopelessly ill. The place is extremely dangerous.
Adjective
N
There are electric power lines because of… The simplest form of kite.    Auxiliary devices are…  Research report on mobile phone advertisement.

3.      ADVERBS  (Adv)
Posisi Adverb  (Kata Keterangan) dalam Kalimat

To be +Prep
Adv
He’s in the kitchen. The books are on the bench.  It is behind the office.
Verbial Predicate
The car runs fast.    The snail runs slowly. The artist sings melodiously.
Adverb
Adj
Too long to finish.  Very good. For the newly revised science curriculum. Infected with highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease.  Someone who is terminally or hopelessly ill. The place is extremely dangerous.
Subject
Adv+verb
He usually comes late. My uncle sometimes gives me some pocket money.
Adverb,
Sentence
Luckily, the police came on the spot.
Unfortunately, he has no money to buy the cheap shoes.

4.      VERBS (V)
Posisi Verb (Kata Kerja) dalam Kalimat

To be
V
-ing
The bird is singing.  Morning bells are ringing.
V-3

The poor bird is caught.    The thief was killed.
Modals
V-1

Birds will migrate in this Summer.
Adv (of freq)
V

Birds usually breed in the beginning of the season
Have/has/had
V-3

The singing birds have flown away.
Do/does/did
not
V-1
The sick bird does not eat anything.
To
V-1

The blue bird is used to perch on the shoot of the tree
let
V-1

Please let me check your answer.  Let us go. 
Let him sleep.
Causative have
V-1

The policeman had me stop the car. My mother has the maid cook the food.   [Have = ask to]
Make
V-1

What made you do that?
I will make things go well.



AKAHIRAN ~S/ES (SUFFIX ~S/ES)



Alfaqih Warsono


Dalam Bahasa Ingris, akhiran ~s (suffix ~es) dapat terjadi baik di akhir kata benda (Noun) maupun di akhir kata kerja (verb). Berikut arti masing-masing dan contohnya.
1.      Di akhir kata benda (Noun)
Makna “~s/es” di akhir kata benda adalah berarti jamak (lebih dari satu). Namun demikian tidak berarti bahwa semua kata benda jika berarti jamak menggunakan akhiran “s/es”, terutama paka kata benda tidak beraturan (irregualar nouns).
Silahkan bandingkan bentuk jamak kata benda beraturan (regular nouns) dengan yang tidak beraturan (irregualar nouns) berikut ini.
Regular Nouns
Irregular Nouns
Book (buku)
à books (buku-buku)
Man (orang laki-laki)
à Men (orang laki-laki)
Cat (kucing)
à cats (kucing-kucing)
Woman (wanita)
à women (wanita-wanita)
Boy (cowok)
à boys (cowok-cowok)
Child (anak)
à children (anak-anak)
Cow (sapi)
à cows (sapi-sapi)
Ox (sapi jantan)
à oxen (sapi-sapi jantan)
Goat (kambing)
à goats (kambing-kambing)
Deer (rusa)
à two deer (dua rusa)
Paper (kertas)
à papers (kertas-kertas)
Datum (data)
à data (data-data)
Teacher (guru)
à teachers (para guru)
Alumnus (lulusan pria)
à alumni (para lulusan pria)
Brother (saudara pria)
Two brothers (dua saudara)
Alumna (lulusan wanita)
àalumnae (para lulusan wanita
Hand (tangan)
Hands (tangan-tangan)
Foot (kaki)
à two feet (dua kaki)
Lip (bibir)
à lips (bibir-bibir)
Tooth (gigi)
à teeth (gigi-gigi)
Rat (tukus besar)
à rats (tikus-tikus besar)
Mouse (tikus)
à mice (tikus-tikus)
Rabbit (kelinci)
à rabbits (kelinci-kelinci)
Sheep (domba)
à two sheep (dua ekor domba)
Dll.

2.      Di akhir kata kerja (Verb)
Makna “~s/es” di akhir kata kerja adalah sebagai pengganti “is”. Hal ini terjadi jika subjek kalimatnya adalah subjek yang memiliki pasangan “is”.
Kata kata (subjek) yang memiliki pasangan “is” adalah:
She, He, It, dan kata kata yang memiliki kata ganti (pronoun) tersebut, misalnya:
He is
They are
Andi (kata gantinya : he (dia laki-laki)
Andi and Joko (orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
Mr Brown (kata ganti Mr : he (dia laki-laki)
Mr and Mrs Bown (orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
Father (kata gantinya : he (dia laki-laki)
Parents (akhiran “s” berarti jamak, orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
Brother (kata gantinya : he (dia laki-laki)
My brother, Ita and I (orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
A boy (kata gantinya : he (dia laki-laki)
He and she (orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
Postman (kata gantinya : he (dia laki-laki)
Pak Toto, Arif, and Mas Bagus (orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)

The teachers (akhiran “s” berarti jamak, orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
She is
The children (lihat kata benda tidak beraturan (irregular nouns), kata berarti jamak, orang lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
Siska (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)

Mrs. Aliyah (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)

Ms. Tuti (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)

Mother (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)

Sister (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)

A girl (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)

Policewoman (kata gantinya : she (dia perempuan)



It is

Radio (benda tunggal kata gantinya : it)
Radios (akhiran “s” berarti jamak / lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
A ball (benda tunggal kata gantinya: it)
A ball, a stick, and a board (benda jamak / lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
A black dog (hewan tunggal kata gantinya: it)
Some of the dogs (benda jamak / lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)
My house (benda tunggal kata gantinya: it)
House, market, shop, and building (benda jamak / lebih dari satu = mereka, kata gantinya : they)

Kata-kata (subjek) yang memiliki pasangan “is”  seperti pada table di atas jika menggunakan kata kerja, maka “is” berubah menjadi “s/es” dan diletakkan berada di akhir kata kerja tersebut, kecuali kata kerja tersebut berakhiran “~ing” (yang berarti “sedang”) atau  menggunakan kata sifat, maka “is” tetap ditulis.

Berikut cara menambahkan akhiran “~s” nya.
-          Tell (memberitahu, bercerita)
Hindun tells her experience (Hindun menceritakan pengalamannya)
Bukan: *Hindun is tell her experience (karena ada kata kerja “tell”, maka “is” tdk ditulis langsung, tetapi ditulis “s” di belakang kata kerja; tell+is = tells)
Bukan: *Hindun sicks (Hindun sakit), (karena kata “sick” bukan kata kerja, tetapi kata sifat “sakit”, maka “is” tetap ditulis : Hindun is sick)
Bukan: *I tells the experience (karena pasangan kata “I” adalah “am” bukan “is”)
Bukan: *Sari and Tuti sings melodiously (Sari dan Tuti bernyanyi dg merdu), (karena subjeknya ada dua orang, kata ganti orang lebih dari satu adalah “they” dan kata gantinya “are” bukan “is”)
-          Speak (berbicara)
Wirno speaks English well (Wirno bicara Bahasa Inggris dg baik)
-          Feed (member makan)
Rabbit feeds on grass (kelinci makan rumput)
-          Write (menulis)
Lala writes a lyric for the song (Lala menulis lirik lagu itu)
-          Dll

Adapun kata kerja yang memiliki pola seperti di bawah ini, maka menggunakan akhiran “~es” seperti:
a.       Kata kerja berakhir dengan pola “K-y” (konsonan -“y”)
Akhiran “~ies” langsung ditambahkan di akhir
-          fly,    he flies the kite (ia menerbangkan laying-layang)
-          study,  Ram studies Maths (Ram belajar Matematika)
-          empty,    Joni empties the bottle (Joni mengosongkan botol)
-          apply,   the doctor applies new formula (dokter memakai formula baru)
-          multiply,   He multiplies “3” and “10” (ia mengkalikan angka 3 dan 10)
-          ratify,  the regent ratifies the rule (bupati mengesahkan peraturan itu)
b.      Kata kerja berakhir dengan pola K-“o” (konsonan-“o”)
Akhiran “~es” langsung ditambahkan di akhir
-          go,    he goes to school (ia pergi ke sekolah)
-          do,  Kiki does her homework (Kiki mengerjakan PRnya)
c.       Kata kerja berakhir dengan bunyi desis (s, sh, ch, z, x)
Akhiran “~es” langsung ditambahkan di akhir
-          Miss,   My aunt misses the train (tanteku ketinggalan kereta)
-          Push,    an animal pushes the food (binatang mendorong makanannya)
-          Watch,   She watches theTV (Ia menonton TV)
-          Fizz,  The rain drop fizzes (tets air hujan mendesir)
-          Fix, He fixes the program error (is memperbaiki kerusakan program)